@phdthesis{oai:ir.kagoshima-u.ac.jp:00014727, author = {Md.Rasadul Islam, and モハマド ラサドール イスラム,}, month = {2019-08-22, 2019-06-19, 2019-06-19, 2019-05-10, 2019-05-10}, note = {博士論文全文, 博士論文要旨(日本語), 博士論文要旨(English), 最終試験結果の要旨, 論文審査の要旨, The demand for soybeans in tropical Asia as a major protein resource has been increasing. However, the proportion of self-supply in most tropical Asian countries are extremely low because of low productivity. Soybean production in those areas face many problems, including short photoperiod and high temperature. Short photoperiod and high temperature could stimulate flower open early, result in insufficient vegetative growth therefore low seed yield. To assure certain vegetative growth, the sensitivities to photoperiod and temperature, and the juvenile growth phase (JGP) property could be key factors to determine desirable genotypes for those areas. In order to determine a suitable soybean genotype adaptable to tropical area, a series of experiments were conducted for the evaluation of variation in photo- and thermo- sensitivities using 82 genotypes of soybean world mini-core collections (GmWMC). At field condition, GmWMC genotypes were sown in late May (for long photoperiod) and early August (for short photoperiod). The days from emergence to first flower open (DEF) ranged 23-92 days under long photoperiod, but 19-63 days under short photoperiod. The DEF were shortened by short photoperiod in all genotypes. Same trends were also observed in the duration for pod formation and seed filling, but not for pod elongation. Seed weight plant-1 under short photoperiod varied widely (1.4 ̶ 39.5 g), it was highly correlated with DEF (r = 0.61, p<0.001), stem height (r = 0.55, p<0.001), number of branch (r = 0.59, p<0.001), and total node number (r = 0.66, p<0.001), indicating low seed weight plant-1 was clearly caused by less vegetative growth. Besides, data also introduced some high yielding genotypes, i.e. Karasumame ‘Naihou’ (39.5 g plant-1), Chiengmai Palmetto (28.80 g plant-1), and Local Var. ‘Tegineneng’ (25.68 g plant-1). Results indicated that late flowering genotypes with enough vegetative mass could be used as a selection index for improving soybean yield potential in tropical areas. Because above mentioned responses under field condition are the results of interaction of fluctuated photoperiod and temperature seasonally, to clarify the effect of temperature independently on soybean flowering, we conducted three experiments in the controlled environment. The first experiment was conducted under 25/18°C, 28/22°C, and 33/28°C day/night temperatures. Results showed that DEF was longer in lower temperature in all genotypes; however, the accumulated temperatures during emergence to first flower open (ATEF) and EATEF (effective ATEF) did not respond to the change in temperature. Further experiments illustrated that ATEF was not affected at 22 – 30°C regardless of either same or different day/night temperatures. Finally, ATEF could be used to eliminate the effect of temperature in natural condition, therefore represent photosensitivity exactly better than DEF. Overall results led a conclusion that temperature could affect plant development quantitatively in soybean. In order to evaluate the photosensitivity comprehensively in GmWMC genotypes, we conducted two experiments in the controlled environment. A preliminary experiment was conducted using eight selected genotypes under 8 ̶ 14 h photoperiod. The lowest ATEF were observed between 8–10 h photoperiod in all genotypes and longest ATEF at 14 h photoperiod. However, we chose 10 h for short photoperiod because it might be better for growth and development, and 13 h for long photoperiod because some genotypes did not open those flowers at 14 h. Under these 13- and 10-h photoperiodic conditions at 28°C, we tested the ATEF of 82 GmWMC genotypes and evaluated their index of photosensitivity of flowering (IPF). Result showed that the ATEF were 560 ̶ 1372°C under 13 photoperiod and 560 ̶ 868°C under 10 h photoperiod. IPF varied from 0.00 to 0.47 in GmWMC genotypes. Preliminary experiment also suggested that 10 h photoperiod was suitable condition for relative JGP evaluation. Because 10 h was the photoperiod which induction phase of most genotypes were minimized. Considering the difference in ATEF at 10 h could represent the relative JGP. It varied from 0 to 308°C accumulated temperature (0 – 11 days at 28°C) in GmWMC genotypes. Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between IPF and relative JGP, however wide distribution range was also observed, indicating IPF may be moderately independent from relative JGP. Finally, data represented some special traits in some genotypes, namely low IPF with medium relative JGP (Karasumame, Karasumame (Heitou) Black Seed) and high IPF with long relative JGP (Miss 33 Dixi, Karasumame ‘Naihou’). These genotypes would be important resources for improving soybean production in tropical areas., 近年熱帯アジア諸国におけるダイズの消費量は著しく増加しているが、域内生産量が少なく自足率は極めて低い。熱帯アジアにおけるダイズ生産は、種々自然環境に制限されるが、中でも短日や高温がダイズの子実収量をもっとも制限する要因になっている。ダイズは短日植物であり短日や高温条件によって早く開花してしまい、その結果栄養成長が不足し、子実収量が制限されてしまう。熱帯の短日条件でも一定の栄養成長を確保するには、日長に強い感受性、あるいは長い基本栄養成長性を持つ品種が有利であるが、それら特性の遺伝的変異についての研究報告は少ない。本研究は、遺伝的背景の広い世界ダイズミニコアコレクション(GmWMC)82系統を用い、ダイズの日長及び温度に対する感受性を解析し、熱帯の短日・高温環境に適するダイズの特性を評価する目的で行った。 まず日長に対する反応性及び生産性を評価するために、ダイズGmWMC 82系統を佐賀市において長日(春播)及び短日(夏播)条件下で栽培した結果、出芽から開花まで日数(DEF)は長日条件では23~92日、短日条件では19~63日までに広く変異し、すべての系統において短日条件によって短縮された。同様に開花から結莢始まで日数も短日条件によって短縮されたが、結莢期以降は日長の影響を受けなかった。短日条件下における子実収量も大きく変異したが、子実収量はDEF(r=0.61***)、茎長(r=0.55***)、総節数(r=0.66***)などの栄養成長因子との間には正の相関関係がみられたことから、短日による収量低下の原因は栄養成長不足であることは明らかであった。しかし、圃場では日長や温度の季節変化があり、開花までは長日条件では低温、短日条件では高温であったため、上述の結果は温度による影響もあると考えられた。そこで、日長12時間、昼/夜温それぞれ25/18℃、28/22℃、33/28℃に制御されたグロスチャンバーでGmWMC系統を栽培した結果、DEFは低温区ほど長かったが、DEFを積算温度、さらには有効積算温度に置換えると、温度による差異はほとんどなくなった。この結果から温度は開花において量的効果しか及ぼさないと推測され、圃場試験においては積算温度を用いれば温度の影響を除去できると考えられた。さらに、熱帯地域を想定した日長10時間(短日)と13時間(長日)に設定し、28℃条件下でダイズGmWMC系統のDEFを調査したところ、長日条件では20~49日に変異したが、短日条件では20~31日とその変異幅が縮まった。したがって、日長感受性(長日に対する短日でのDEFの短縮程度)は0~0.47と大きく変異し、同様に圃場における長日条件と短日条件(自然日長はそれぞれ約15.2時間と14.0時間)の場合(0~0.58)とおおよそ一致したことを明らかにした。ところで、10時間日長は、ほとんどの系統において最短のDEFを示したため、この条件におけるDEFの遺伝的変異は、基本栄養成長性に由来するものと考え、ダイズGmWMC系統の相対的な基本栄養成長性は28℃では0~11日と推定された。日長感受性と基本栄養成長性のいずれも圃場における子実収量とは正の相関関係がみられ、これらの特性は今後の熱帯地域に適するダイズ品種の育成にはもっとも考慮すべき要因であると考えられた。 本研究は、世界各地より集められた異なる遺伝的背景を持つダイズGmWMC 系統の日長や温度に対する多様な変異を明らかにし、特に熱帯地域のダイズ生産の制限要因である日長感受性と基本栄養成長性について詳細に解析したものであり、その成果は今後の熱帯地域のダイズ品種改良に貴重な参考情報となる。}, school = {鹿児島大学}, title = {Analysis of Genotypic Variation in Photo- and Thermo-sensitivities in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Adaptable to Tropical Areas}, year = {} }