@article{oai:ir.kagoshima-u.ac.jp:00002516,
 author = {KAWAMURA, Gunzo and NISHIMURA, Waichiro and UEDA, Soichi and NISHI, Tooru},
 issue = {1},
 journal = {南海研紀要},
 month = {2016-10-27},
 note = {To obtain a fundamental knowlege of the vision of tunas and marlins the brains
were observed morphologically, and the retinae were examined histologically and
electrophysiologically. Tunas and marlins have an extremely well developed optic
tectum indicating that vision is very important to them. The S-potentials recorded
from the retinae showed that tunas and marlins are probably color-blind. The retinae
has cones (predominantly twin cones) in parallel arrangement, 3 layers of horizontal
cells, no fovea nor well-developed area. Dense retinal tapetum was found in the
bigeye tuna. Visual acuity determined from cone density ranged from 0.3 to 0.5,
which is the highest among fishes. It is believed that the retinae of these fishes are
advantageous for movement perception, and that their eyes are well adapted to the
low light levels in the lower limits of their vertical distribution (ca. 500m). Sight
feeding was confirmed by experimental fishing by longlines with inedible artificial
lures.},
 pages = {3--47},
 title = {Vision in Tunas and Marlins},
 volume = {2},
 year = {}
}