@article{oai:ir.kagoshima-u.ac.jp:00005152,
 author = {MATSUDA, Yoshiaki and OUCHI, Kazuomi},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {南海研紀要},
 month = {2016-10-28},
 note = {Together with cost inflation and stagnant market prices, the new 200-nautical-mile
regime has hit the conventional tuna and skipjack fishing industry very hard.
Japanese countermeasures consist of domestic adjustments such as cost and risk-reducing
devices, withdrawals of fishing vessels, employment of purse-seine fisheries, nearshore fishing ground adjustments, and demand expansion; and external strategies such as historical fishing rights, legal-Informal Composite Negotiating Text (ICNT), and bilateral arrangements.
The Japanese claim on historical tuna and skipjack fishing rights in the EEZs and
archipelagic waters of coastal states in Southeast Asia and the western central Pacific is based on 1) discovery of the fishing grounds by the Japanese, 2) risk-taking for development by the Japanese, 3) continuous and habitual Japanese fishing activities in the region, 4) long legal practices under the Japanese fisheries licensing system, and 5) the importance of the fishery., Although most coastal nations in Southeast Asia and the western central Pacific
treat tuna and skipjack in their EEZs as their national properties, the position of the ICNT emphasizes that highly migratory species such as tuna and skipjack are managed
by cooperation among the countries concerned and international cooperation is
essential to manage those fishery wisely.
Bilateral arrangements such as fee fishing and joint-ventures, associated with overseas
cooperation, have been successful in terms of fishing access to the EEZs and archipelagic waters of coastal states in the region, but current arrangements become increasingly difficult due to coastal nations' desires to increase fishing fees and take part in joint-ventures.
Emergence of subregional management schemes will become more important for dealing with highly migratory species like tuna and skipjack, but Japan is not yet ready for such schemes. The legal, political, and economic constraints on each of the strategies are numerous and combine to aggravate the problem. Although the Japanese
government has committed to easing the adjustment of Japanese fishermen to the new
ocean regime, the job is not easy.
The problem involves not only the Japanese, but also coastal, resource-owning
nations as well. Joint arrangements have many advantages over attempts by any one
nation to go it alone. However, in order to arrive at successful arrangements, it is
essential for each party to understand the interests, capabilities, and limitations of the other. A new international cooperation toward sound tuna and skipjack management
can emerge only if each sets reasonable goals and recognizes a gradual growth process
while seeking benefits for the welfare of both.},
 pages = {151--232},
 title = {Legal, Political, and Economic Constraints on Japanese Strategies for Distant-Water Tuna and Skipjack Fisheries in Southeast Asian Seas and the Western Central Pacific},
 volume = {5},
 year = {}
}