@article{oai:ir.kagoshima-u.ac.jp:00000617,
 author = {Reimer, James Davis and Ono, Shusuke and Furushima, Yasuo and Tsukahara, Junzo},
 issue = {2},
 journal = {南太平洋研究, South Pacific Study},
 month = {Jan},
 note = {Previous short-term (up to 3 months) work has shown that symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium Freudenthal (zooxanthellae) can be classified into several different conditions based on their external morphology, and that symbiont ratios of "healthy" to "stressed" conditions may be indicative of the holobiont's (host + symbiont) relative health. Here, for the first time, zooxanthellae morphological condition measurements over a wide range have been used in attempting to judge holobiont condition in situ. Symbiodinium spp. found in the encrusting anemone Zoanthus sansibaricus Carlgren at four sampling locations over a latitudinal range in southern Japan were examined monthly for 30 months for changes in their morphology. Percentage of "normal" zooxanthellae (NZ%) were calculated, and compared with a variety of collected environmental data (tide pool temperature, ocean temperature, time of day, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, rainfall, sunlight, visibility, and conductivity). NZ% decreases (<70%) were consistently correlated with 2-week average ocean temperatures <18.0℃ and >28.5℃. No other environmental data set had such consistent correlations with NZ%. The two northern sampling sites showed significant NZ% decreases in winter, while two southern locations had significant NZ% decreases in summer, especially during the ENSO event of summer 2001. The utility of the NZ% method and its relation temperature are discussed.},
 pages = {1--23},
 title = {Seasonal Changes in Morphological Condition of Symbotic Dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) in Zoanthus sansibaricus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) in Southern Japan},
 volume = {27},
 year = {2007}
}